Download Data#
The atlas_ functions are used to return data from the atlas chosen using galah_config(). They are:
atlas_counts()
atlas_occurrences()
atlas_species()
atlas_media()
Record counts#
galah.atlas_counts() provides summary counts on records in the specified atlas, without needing to download all the records.
>>> galah.galah_config(atlas="Australia")
>>> galah.atlas_counts()
totalRecords
0 183573512
In addition to filters arguments, galah.atlas_counts() has an optional group_by argument, which provides counts grouped
by the requested field.
>>> galah.atlas_counts(group_by="kingdom")
kingdom count
0 Animalia 145767827
1 Archaea 15110
2 Bacteria 458888
3 Chromista 1073678
4 Fungi 2112605
5 Plantae 32549294
6 Protista 484953
7 Viruses 13806
Species lists#
A common use case of atlas data is to identify which species occur in a specified region, time period,
or taxonomic group. galah.atlas_species() is similar to search_taxa, in that it returns taxonomic information and
unique identifiers in a dataframe. It differs in not being able to return information on taxonomic levels other
than the species; but also in being more flexible by supporting filtering:
>>> galah.atlas_species(taxa="Rodentia",filters="stateProvince=Northern Territory")
Species Species Name Scientific Name Authorship Taxon Rank Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Vernacular Name
0 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/07c52a7f-f529-4137-b41f-3052aeca60b5 Zyzomys argurus (Thomas, 1889) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Zyzomys Common Rock-rat
1 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/c1063f9b-5a3b-4dc4-a430-6568b5088579 Notomys alexis Thomas, 1922 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Notomys Spinifex Hopping-mouse
2 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/4797cf4c-db5c-48d6-9524-3330cb78cfda Mesembriomys gouldii (J.E. Gray, 1843) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Mesembriomys Black-footed Tree-rat
3 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/b6045bad-6c5e-46ba-8644-15c0bd6320bb Pseudomys delicatulus (Gould, 1842) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Delicate Mouse
4 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/c7a6c8d8-ab20-456e-bc9c-538720409b70 Pseudomys hermannsburgensis (Waite, 1896) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Sandy Inland Mouse
5 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/5b6226c0-b579-4d59-8d66-f23bd328b9dd Melomys burtoni (Ramsay, 1887) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Melomys Grassland Melomys
6 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/90c13414-5069-4125-8b56-0b5c59a752e3 Zyzomys pedunculatus (Waite, 1896) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Zyzomys Central Rock-rat
7 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/0a444981-cf13-484c-81b5-9313d5851c4e Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Mus House Mouse
8 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9bb1445f-39e4-417e-b384-60a277447a4a Conilurus penicillatus (Gould, 1842) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Conilurus Brush-tailed Tree-rat
9 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/575ddf45-3127-4e8f-bb75-efdd6468a571 Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus Black Rat
10 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/958c426a-21be-4389-84c5-9c227a0ce8a6 Rattus tunneyi (Thomas, 1904) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus Pale Field-rat
11 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/e7703da0-c258-413b-8578-e2dfade1591f Pseudomys desertor Troughton, 1932 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Desert Mouse
12 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/93b9afae-579d-4181-9fae-501230f0b0d8 Pseudomys nanus (Gould, 1858) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Western Chestnut Mouse
13 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/5733f8c9-38f9-4a17-a2ee-f793fa70ed98 Rattus villosissimus (Waite, 1898) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus Long-haired Rat
14 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/4e9a6d73-a015-4aea-948c-8fc3eae46c1c Rattus colletti (Thomas, 1904) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus Dusky Rat
15 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/dab6e02d-b4a5-4009-81ea-14b9f139b910 Zyzomys maini Kitchener, 1989 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Zyzomys Arnhem Land Rock-rat
16 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/7f791f55-1d6f-4448-91a0-996daa72081c Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffroy, 1804 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Hydromys Water-rat
17 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/cc2d4c74-8072-487e-a47f-9747806dc34a Leggadina lakedownensis Watts, 1976 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Leggadina Lakeland Downs Mouse
18 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/2595dcfd-30f7-48f6-a50e-af3551bd9cc8 Zyzomys palatalis Kitchener, 1989 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Zyzomys Carpentarian Rock-rat
19 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/e985914e-3435-4f6b-9978-2cbb19d29fee Pseudomys australis J.E. Gray, 1832 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Plains Rat
20 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/4b5e599e-70af-40a6-b4bb-13cfdb98c23f Leggadina forresti (Thomas, 1906) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Leggadina Forrest's Mouse
21 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/b5981535-b6c0-41e3-b573-9e383b91a9a4 Notomys aquilo Thomas, 1921 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Notomys Northern Hopping-mouse
22 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/f44806fd-7802-45d7-bb10-774ecc577c7d Pseudomys johnsoni Kitchener, 1985 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Central Pebble-mound Mouse
23 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/e59c9613-14d2-4d2f-8b19-3b165a6ed11e Pseudomys calabyi Kitchener & Humphreys, 1987 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Kakadu Pebble-mound Mouse
24 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/356745c1-ce6d-42f1-935c-9098261cd81f Pseudomys mimulus Thomas, 1926 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys NaN
25 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/ff0f2d1f-3abf-4288-8365-ee6c6be17b38 Rattus sordidus (Gould, 1858) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus Canefield Rat
26 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/66b0dc84-12dd-4aca-a7b8-82d1ae89bc18 Notomys longicaudatus (Gould, 1844) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Notomys Long-tailed Hopping-mouse
27 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9daf14f2-931d-44a6-8537-5127c56ab950 Leporillus apicalis (Gould, 1853) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Leporillus Lesser Stick-nest Rat
28 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/2da4cbaa-005f-4346-8e11-6a1e5ddd0444 Notomys amplus Brazenor, 1936 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Notomys Short-tailed Hopping-mouse
29 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/77c6c9f3-40d3-48da-96f5-d80e402ad18d Notomys cervinus (Gould, 1853) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Notomys Fawn Hopping-mouse
30 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/c4bfec0f-0137-49a1-84bb-c088e99844b8 Notomys mitchellii (Ogilby, 1838) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Notomys Mitchell's Hopping-mouse
31 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/c0e8f4ca-3c7e-4b71-9d8f-992e3e3b07b9 Notomys fuscus (Jones, 1925) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Notomys Dusky Hopping-mouse
32 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/b042c17d-27fd-4154-8bdf-519aeb952836 Xeromys myoides Thomas, 1889 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Xeromys False Water-rat
33 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/f6168080-2649-4d2e-ad43-5b852bc5913d Pseudomys gracilicaudatus (Gould, 1845) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Eastern Chestnut Mouse
34 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/3694beb2-9b22-4e79-9373-5d0d887be69b Mesembriomys macrurus (Peters, 1876) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Mesembriomys Golden-backed Tree-rat
35 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/e5b3ef22-25f4-48f6-95f2-2bd384b8efe7 Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus Brown Rat
36 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/59b21252-19fe-4fc3-85d4-ddb6a7e49e78 Melomys cervinipes (Gould, 1852) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Melomys Fawn-footed Melomys
37 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/2eef1990-96e3-498a-887a-f1dfa334b218 Rattus leucopus (J.E. Gray, 1867) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus Cape York Rat
38 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/b9b253e9-a56c-4a72-8ce3-15de06ef8417 Pseudomys gouldii (Waterhouse, 1839) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Shark Bay Mouse (djoongari)
39 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/cce5d053-414a-40e0-87bd-ab8012287068 Leporillus conditor (Sturt, 1848) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Leporillus Greater Stick-nest Rat
40 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/91a0d84f-4ce9-4009-9dc7-ee7057f1f57c Pseudomys pilbarensis Roycroft, Breed & Ford, 2024 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Western Delicate Mouse
41 ALA_DR30477_78 Cavia porcellus NaN species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Caviidae Cavia Guinea Pig
42 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/35a0671a-e449-4581-aeac-510ea2f251ea Zyzomys woodwardi (Thomas, 1909) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Zyzomys Kimberley Rock-rat
43 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/3b31abbc-6b8a-4fbf-aed6-f614dbb51cb8 Rattus lutreolus (J.E. Gray, 1841) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Rattus Swamp Rat
44 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/83049628-f180-4a3f-9f48-af5cee08d818 Pseudomys occidentalis Tate, 1951 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys Western Mouse
45 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/0058f9b2-a9c1-49a2-811b-9b2efcc8e279 Pseudomys novaehollandiae (Waterhouse, 1843) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Pseudomys New Holland Mouse
46 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/07e98c03-3739-4779-bfbd-ae4d930dad7a Uromys caudimaculatus (Krefft, 1867) species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Uromys White-tailed Uromys
47 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/6a5c25e0-3b06-4ae2-8069-b4c1350c4365 Mastacomys fuscus Thomas, 1882 species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Rodentia Muridae Mastacomys Broad-toothed Rat
Occurrence data#
To download occurrence data you will need to specify your email in galah.galah_config(). This email must be
associated with an active account on your chosen atlas. See more information in the config section.
>>> galah_config(email = "your_email@email.com", atlas = "Australia")
After specifying your email, you can download occurrence records of, for example, Eolophus roseicapilla:
>>> galah.atlas_occurrences(taxa="Eolophus roseicapilla",filters=["stateProvince=Australian Capital Territory","year>=2010"],fields=["institutionID","basic"])
institutionID recordID scientificName taxonConceptID decimalLatitude decimalLongitude eventDate dataResourceName occurrenceStatus
0 NaN f2e8061c-cd10-4d38-86e4-02feb724074f Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.337430 149.098830 2012-08-14T00:00:00Z Garden Bird Surveys PRESENT
1 NaN 7d97dffb-fb4b-4a8f-8348-647fbca64a78 Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.398128 149.117480 2016-08-06T08:45:00Z eBird Australia PRESENT
2 NaN 49e6e23d-ff26-453c-a380-268cf24c7595 Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.251810 149.148540 2012-03-17T16:40:00Z eBird Australia ABSENT
3 NaN 6ee19496-9fe0-4a27-8aca-ac79c8cfa804 Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.356359 149.085490 2017-09-18T00:00:00Z Garden Bird Surveys PRESENT
4 NaN 3f6f5b1b-2d86-4a38-87c3-c80821c1cabf Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.251810 149.148540 2023-06-16T11:16:00Z eBird Australia PRESENT
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
113537 in1033 1039e81d-c4a1-448e-abc9-59388f40dbe7 Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.341263 149.091202 2013-06-23T02:00:00Z ALA species sightings and OzAtlas PRESENT
113538 in1033 d1f6a033-25ca-4d7a-8b4a-a64f83df902e Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.345684 149.039413 2013-08-10T06:00:00Z ALA species sightings and OzAtlas PRESENT
113539 in1033 ac0ba2ae-f014-40b6-a8d1-121e0417ff32 Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.275249 149.114304 2014-12-16T00:31:00Z ALA species sightings and OzAtlas PRESENT
113540 in1033 0a6d58bc-ecbe-4133-9319-33a645c1b5d6 Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.347511 149.044907 2013-08-07T23:57:00Z ALA species sightings and OzAtlas PRESENT
113541 in550 738123d4-dd65-4fe8-b449-796598a2233a Eolophus roseicapilla https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea -35.322672 149.092483 2021-02-16T00:00:00Z Entangled Wildlife Australia PRESENT
[113542 rows x 9 columns]
Media metadata#
In addition to text data describing individual occurrences and their attributes, ALA stores images, sounds and videos
associated with a given record. Metadata on these records can be downloaded using galah.atlas_media() and the same set of
filters as the other data download functions.
>>> galah.atlas_media(taxa="Eolophus roseicapilla",filters=["year=2020","stateProvince=Australian Capital Territory"])
images taxonConceptID sounds videos multimedia decimalLatitude eventDate decimalLongitude occurrenceStatus recordID dataResourceName scientificName creator license mimeType width height imageUrl
0 a995ca29-0d03-483a-b51f-c99d1aa3da09 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.326899 2020-11-15T06:10:00Z 149.097609 PRESENT fd6bd0e2-7b4b-40b9-b6a1-3105ace11ff6 NatureMapr Eolophus roseicapilla image/jpeg 1920 1440 https://images.ala.org.au/store/9/0/a/d/a995ca29-0d03-483a-b51f-c99d1aa3da09/original
1 bc1f6f3a-f4ad-4c10-9e2b-afea28a7a3d9 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.390165 2020-05-09T09:41:00Z 149.161610 PRESENT 0c859342-fd20-48f6-bede-06ec1ccff041 iNaturalist Australia Eolophus roseicapilla deborod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ image/jpeg 1800 1200 https://images.ala.org.au/store/9/d/3/a/bc1f6f3a-f4ad-4c10-9e2b-afea28a7a3d9/original
2 d7107410-7ffb-436c-8d6a-fb9127694e9d https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.312650 2020-06-12T15:41:00Z 149.162580 PRESENT d187855b-8521-428f-956b-65ed21185e5e iNaturalist Australia Eolophus roseicapilla deborod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ image/jpeg 1800 1200 https://images.ala.org.au/store/d/9/e/4/d7107410-7ffb-436c-8d6a-fb9127694e9d/original
3 61770363-c354-44aa-aebb-05fb05c2d540 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.269395 2020-08-31T15:22:00Z 149.089077 PRESENT 52a8496e-89ff-4c2b-9a59-6581d5170338 iNaturalist Australia Eolophus roseicapilla happy_wanderer http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ image/jpeg 1457 1478 https://images.ala.org.au/store/0/4/5/d/61770363-c354-44aa-aebb-05fb05c2d540/original
4 2841faf3-24ad-48b2-98e0-6da67e74a908 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.407188 2020-03-31T14:03:00Z 149.128284 PRESENT 44c735a7-b771-4a48-9c4e-09b9181893b3 iNaturalist Australia Eolophus roseicapilla deborod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ image/jpeg 1800 1200 https://images.ala.org.au/store/8/0/9/a/2841faf3-24ad-48b2-98e0-6da67e74a908/original
.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
335 016246bf-9e7e-4318-8753-6ddda30f1d40 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.408187 2020-01-17T18:09:00Z 149.131098 PRESENT 2a78518b-7c0f-485b-be6b-61cc877cfd41 iNaturalist Australia Eolophus roseicapilla deborod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ image/jpeg 1800 1200 https://images.ala.org.au/store/0/4/d/1/016246bf-9e7e-4318-8753-6ddda30f1d40/original
336 3e1598ee-a859-4c63-ac32-9437eabe8a4c https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.408187 2020-01-17T18:09:00Z 149.131098 PRESENT 2a78518b-7c0f-485b-be6b-61cc877cfd41 iNaturalist Australia Eolophus roseicapilla deborod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ image/jpeg 1800 1200 https://images.ala.org.au/store/c/4/a/8/3e1598ee-a859-4c63-ac32-9437eabe8a4c/original
337 78b0b7f0-b2a4-4646-b59b-4a6d1a91a6f4 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.408187 2020-01-17T18:09:00Z 149.131098 PRESENT 2a78518b-7c0f-485b-be6b-61cc877cfd41 iNaturalist Australia Eolophus roseicapilla deborod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ image/jpeg 1800 1200 https://images.ala.org.au/store/4/f/6/a/78b0b7f0-b2a4-4646-b59b-4a6d1a91a6f4/original
338 79e5ad3d-dfad-44f7-83ba-b576a91742b7 https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.408187 2020-01-17T18:09:00Z 149.131098 PRESENT 2a78518b-7c0f-485b-be6b-61cc877cfd41 iNaturalist Australia Eolophus roseicapilla deborod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ image/jpeg 1800 1200 https://images.ala.org.au/store/7/b/2/4/79e5ad3d-dfad-44f7-83ba-b576a91742b7/original
339 f7fbae15-aa1a-4010-9f11-88232588e59b https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/9b4ad548-8bb3-486a-ab0a-905506c463ea NaN NaN Image -35.408187 2020-01-17T18:09:00Z 149.131098 PRESENT 2a78518b-7c0f-485b-be6b-61cc877cfd41 iNaturalist Australia Eolophus roseicapilla deborod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ image/jpeg 1800 1200 https://images.ala.org.au/store/b/9/5/e/f7fbae15-aa1a-4010-9f11-88232588e59b/original
[340 rows x 18 columns]
To actually download the media files to your computer, add the argument collect. By default, it downloads the data to your
current working directory, but you can specify the folder to download to with the path argument.
Configuring galah#
Various aspects of the galah package can be customized.
To download occurrence records, you will need to provide an email address registered with the ALA. You can create an account here. Once an email is registered with the ALA, it should be stored in the config:
>>> galah.galah_config(email = "myemail@gmail.com")
Setting a download reason
ALA requires that you provide a reason when downloading occurrence data (via the galah.atlas_occurrences() function).
The reason is set to 4 (scientific research) by default, but you can change this using galah_config(). See galah.show_all(reasons=True)
for valid download reasons.
>>> galah.galah_config(reason = 5)
Debugging#
If things aren’t working as expected, more detail (particularly about web requests)
can be obtained by setting the verbose option in many functions.